Chapter 3 VI Summary 119-120 威鈴 Translation

VI. SUMMARY
Language as any other type of behavior, is seen as a manifestation of intricate physiological processes. In higher mammals the processes have many common denominators, but they have also undergone modifications in accordance with specializaion in behavior. Respiration, which is in many ways identical in a wide variety of species, shows particularly well forms of adaptations to species-specific behavior patterns. Some such adaptations have been described for the execution of speech and vocalization.
語言可以當作是任何其他類型的行為,被視為一種十分複雜的生理過程。根據行為上的特別化，較高的哺乳動物的心理過程中有許多共同點,但他們在過程中也有些微的調整與不同。呼吸，這是各種各樣的物種大多相似的部分,顯示出適應良好的物種之間的行為模式。一些這類調整已被描述為進行講話和發聲。
From examination of speech production, the following points emerged:
(1) The neuromuscular correlates of speech sounds are muscular contraction patterns among one and the same set of muscles.
(2) In most instances, physiological events precede the acoustic events of speech sounds.
(3) For individual speech sounds, the duration of physiological events may be twice as long as the duration of acoustic events.
從檢視口說產生的過程中,我們可以發現以下各點:(1)語音與神經的關聯是肌肉收縮的形式以及使用的是同一套肌肉。(2)在大多數情況下,生理活動發生在語音的聽覺之前。(3)從個別語音來看,這一時期的生理活動可能聽覺時間的兩倍長。

(4) Hence, the sequential arrangemetns of muscular events require preplanning with anticipation of later events; therefore, the occurrence of some events is contingent upon other events yet to come, which may be adduced as proof that sequencing on a neuromuscular level is not accomplished by an associative mechanism.
(5) The interdigitation of muscular correlates of phones is mirrored also on higher levles of segmentation. Thus ordering-phenomena on all levels of speech and language appear to be related and to exhibit striking formal similarites.

(4)因此,按順序去安排肌肉活動讓我們邊期待之後會發生的事同時也做預先規劃,因此,一些事件的發生是緊接著其他活動尚未發生的事件。這可能會是証明神經水平的順序是不能由一個聯合機制所決定的証據。 (5) 語音的肌肉關聯和interdigitation反射出分割的更高層次。 因此所有層次上的講話和語言的順序現象似乎彼此相關並且展現出十分正式的相似性。